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(upbeat music)

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[K. Ross] There are, I think undeniably,

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new winds sweeping across America.

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They are indeed gusty and changeable,

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but they are new, and they will alter

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what happens in Montana.

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And whether for better or
worse, does depend on Montanans

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and how they, or you read those winds.

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[Announcer] A year before his death,

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Marcus Daly sold the
Anaconda Copper Company

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to Standard Oil under the direction

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of H. H. Rogers and William Rockefeller.

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Standard Oil used the Anaconda
company as a foundation

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for a giant holding company,
The Amalgamated Copper Trust.

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They hoped to control
the world copper industry

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with their merger.

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This purchase gave direct control

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of Montana's major industry
to outside corporate hands.

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In this lecture, Dr. Toole
discusses the economic

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and political impact the
Amalgamated had on the state.

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He introduces Frederick Augustus Heinze,

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a mining engineer who quickly

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became one of the
Amalgamated's greatest foes.

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Soon after his arrival in Butte in 1889,

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Heinze became a political
ally with W. A. Clark.

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In numerous legal battles
with the Amalgamated Trust,

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Heinze used his shrewd sense of politics

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to gain the support of
the Butte judiciary,

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and underground warfare in the mines

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between the two forces led

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to a temporary delay
of Amalgamated's plans.

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There are a few economic
facts that you should know

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before I get further into
the war of the copper kings.

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You have seen capital of course now.

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You're getting tired of that,
but I have to emphasize it.

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Coming in from outside
via Haggin and Hearst,

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by 1890 however, Boston bankers,

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those who had invested in Michigan,

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about which you know all,
have begun investing very,

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very heavily in Butte, Boston bankers.

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By the spring of 1891,

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the Boston and Consolidated
Copper and Silver Mining Company

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netted three million dollars
from their operations in Butte,

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all of the stock owned in Boston.

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The Butte and Boston Company
employed ten thousand men,

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ten thousand men in Butte in 1891.

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They owned about 600 acres of mineral land

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in and around Butte.

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Now in 1891 George Hearst died.

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The Anaconda Copper Mining company

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ceased being a closed corporation,

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and went on the regular stock market.

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Much of the stock when that
issue first came out however,

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was bought by a group of
English speculators called,

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gathered together in what was called

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The Exploration Company of London,

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but these people were merely speculators.

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They'd bought and sold
stock, and most of that stock

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was bought, purchased by
the Boston bankers again.

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Remember that Boston is now moving

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into Butte because it's going to matter.

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Notice one more fact which is
going to assume importance.

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There are probably a dozen
mines competing on the hill now,

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but there is no employers association.

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The exact opposite of
what happened in Idaho,

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which is one of the reasons that the Idaho

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and Montana stories are so different,

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but labor in Butte is
very, very well organized,

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and has been very well
organized since 1878.

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This hot competition
of the mining companies

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on the hill throughout the 1890s,

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and the hot competition among smelters,

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and the hot competition west of the divide

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in lumbering intimately
connected of course with mining,

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simply cries out for an
attempt to pool the whole works

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and establish a monopoly,

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and that is what is going to happen,

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as you know with Standard Oil in 1900.

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Now, I wanna go back to
the bribery session of 1899

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for a moment so that we can proceed.

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While Montanans were on their binge,

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and while the bribery
session was going on,

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something happened of some
moment, and it was this.

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There was a little fellow
by the name of E. D. Matts.

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Don't worry about the name because this is

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the only time you ever hear of him.

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He introduced a bill in the legislature,

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House Bill number 132.

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The bill, though it seemed
completely innocuous,

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is important.

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All it said was that two
companies could merge,

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or one company could
buy out another company

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without minority stockholder consent.

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This bill was necessary
because the Supreme Court

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of the state had previously said, no,

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minority stockholder consent is necessary

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if you're going to merge or if one company

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is going to buy out another.

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Now comes House Bill number 132 saying no,

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minority stockholder
consent is not important.

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W. A. Clark wrote an interesting letter.

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He took time off from his bribing efforts

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to write this letter,

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and I wanna quote from it.

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It is a matter of great
concern to me, this bill.

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The First National Bank of New York,

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the Northern Pacific Railroad Company,

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Senator Carter, and
the Standard Oil people

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are all working hard to
get this bill through,

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and I'm sure it would be very much

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to my interests if they succeed.

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Well,

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with that kind of power behind it,

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it's know wonder the
bill passed very handily.

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The Governor R. B. Smith
didn't like it a bit.

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He smelled a rat, or perhaps
I should say he smelled oil,

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and he sent a memo to the legislature,

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both House and Senate in which he said,

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and if you like mixed
metaphor, listen to this.

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I tell you Standard Oil
is behind this bill,

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and if you do not assert
your independence now

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and defeat this measure,
it will be too late

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when the tentacles of
this octopus have fastened

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their fangs on the strong limbs
of this fair commonwealth.

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(laughing)

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The bill passed.

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The governor didn't veto
it because it passed

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so handily that he didn't
have the votes to override it.

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And on April 27th, 1899 it was announced

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that the Anaconda Copper Mining Company

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had been sold to the Standard Oil Company,

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not the Standard Oil Company of Indiana,

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or Ohio, or California, because that's

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after the breakup of
the Justice Department

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of the Standard Oil Company
of the United States,

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the largest trust in the world

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has now moved into Montana

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as I have told you it was going to.

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Now the next three years are
filled with great confusion,

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understandably so because Montana

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has had a homegrown
corporation up until now.

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Granted it had enormous power,

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granted that it had messed up
the state in many respects,

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granted that by direction

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and indirection it had been corrupt.

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It was still a Montana corporation.

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Marcus Daly was still a Montanan.

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It was our own corruption,
it was our own company.

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Now it is not, it is Standard oil.

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What happens?

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Standard Oil formed a holding company

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called The Amalgamated Copper Company.

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What does a holding company do?

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It holds other companies.

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It itself does not produce anything.

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In your reading, if you
do any, you will often see

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Amalgamated and Anaconda
used interchangeably.

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They're all really one and the same thing.

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The operating company is still

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called The Anaconda Copper Mining Company.

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Now all of this is financed

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by The National City Bank of New York,

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owned by whom, owned by Standard Oil.

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Amalgamated then issued stock
on the regular stock market.

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That is to say what it really
did was to water stock.

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It sells more stock on the market than it

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had value to back up the stock.

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Now that's an
oversimplification of watering,

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but it will do.

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Let me give you an example.

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Amalgamated immediately begins
to buy the Boston properties.

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Do you remember how I told you Boston

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had moved heavily into
Anaconda, and in Butte?

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Okay, now they bought
Anaconda, the big one,

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but now they start to buy Boston property.

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They paid for instance 36 million dollars

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for the first purchase of Boston Property,

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but it issued stock in Amalgamated,

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and the name of Amalgamated on the basis

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of this acquisition to the
tune of 80 million dollars.

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There is in other words a
44 million dollar profit

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here in a couple of weeks.

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Really a good business.

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Now with all of this activity,

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and an enormous national campaign

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of planted material in the
newspapers and the magazines,

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copper stocks go up very
rapidly on the market.

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Everybody buys Amalgamated
stock at about 24.

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Who's everybody, you and me, you and I.

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We buy Amalgamated stock at 24,

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but this market is controlled,
absolutely controlled

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by the insiders at Standard Oil,

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or Amalgamated as you choose.

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They do not buy at 24,
they're selling to us,

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to you and to me.

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They have no cash flow problem.

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They just made in a couple
of weeks 44 million dollars.

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Now when they've run the market up to 24

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where you and I are buying say 19 to 24,

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something like that,

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they then run it down to 12.

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What happens?

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Well, you and I can't
afford to hang on at 12,

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so we sell to bail out as best we can.

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But who buys at 12,
Amalgamated buys at 12,

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and then they run the market back up again

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to 20 and stabilize it there at 20.

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And by that little maneuver,

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they have made another 30 million dollars.

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You see we're dealing here with a lot

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of power and a lot of money,

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and it's moved right in, and the center

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of that activity is Butte, Montana,

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or let me say more properly Montana.

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One of the people who did this was

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a vice president of Standard Oil

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by the name of Thomas
W. Lawson, L-A-W-S-O-N.

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He had a falling out with the president

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of Standard Oil and with Mr. Rockefeller

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who was chairman of the board,

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and he resigned and wrote a book,

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and the book is called Frenzied Finance,

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The Crimes of Amalgamated.

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Well, in spite of the fact
that he has quit in disgust,

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and maybe he's trying to get even,

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I would suggest you read the book,

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because it goes into great detail.

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It's a big thick book, great detail

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about the machinations of
Standard Oil Amalgamated,

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and what happened in Montana.

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I have said repeatedly to
the point of utter tedium

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that montanans almost never know

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why what is happening
to them, happens to them.

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Again, let me quote the
Butte Inter Mountain,

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a pretty good newspaper.

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It said when this was all revealed,

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after all, trusts and combinations

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of capital will not change the conditions

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that now exist in so far as questions

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of personal independence are concerned,

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but will merely enlarge the army

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of employees under one management.

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That might come under the
heading of famous last words.

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Butte's Western Mining
World which was a really,

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pretty good magazine said,

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the flurry of copper stocks has

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but little interest to
the citizens of Butte.

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A number of our people who
dabble in copper stocks

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on the Boston or New York market is small,

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thus the manipulations
of these shares have

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but little interest to the
people of Butte and Montana.

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The capers of the bears of the bulls are

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of no vital concern at this end.

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Again, total misunderstanding
of what is about to happen,

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or what has in fact already happened.

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So what did happen?

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00:15:11,470 --> 00:15:15,133
Well, I'm sorry but I've
got to flash back again.

258
00:15:16,570 --> 00:15:21,080
In 1889 there came into the
scene in Montana a young man

259
00:15:22,810 --> 00:15:27,810
by the name of F. Augustus
Heinze, H-E-I-N-Z-E.

260
00:15:28,510 --> 00:15:31,350
I don't have time to introduce

261
00:15:31,350 --> 00:15:34,033
this remarkable man to you properly.

262
00:15:35,560 --> 00:15:37,910
You can read in our textbook
something about him.

263
00:15:37,910 --> 00:15:39,817
There are other books that describe him

264
00:15:39,817 --> 00:15:42,490
and his activities rather well.

265
00:15:42,490 --> 00:15:45,610
Two of them I've given you
before, well all three of them,

266
00:15:45,610 --> 00:15:48,680
C. B. Glasscock, The
War of the Copper Kings,

267
00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:51,510
C. P. Connolly, The Devil Learns to Vote,

268
00:15:51,510 --> 00:15:54,373
and Thomas W. Lawson, The
Crimes of Amalgamated.

269
00:15:55,299 --> 00:15:59,100
Joseph Kinsey Howard, a Montana writer

270
00:15:59,100 --> 00:16:02,320
who wrote Montana: High,
Wide, and Handsome,

271
00:16:02,320 --> 00:16:04,120
the best history of Montana I think

272
00:16:04,120 --> 00:16:05,150
that has ever been written,

273
00:16:05,150 --> 00:16:09,091
called him "this gay,
handsome, industrial desperado

274
00:16:09,091 --> 00:16:13,980
and demagogue, the most
adept pirate in the history

275
00:16:13,980 --> 00:16:16,563
of American capitalist privateering."

276
00:16:18,100 --> 00:16:20,663
Well he certainly was all
of that and maybe more.

277
00:16:21,750 --> 00:16:25,210
He was handsome, he was a bachelor.

278
00:16:25,210 --> 00:16:28,240
The ladies were reputedly
very fond of him.

279
00:16:28,240 --> 00:16:33,240
He was well educated, and he
was as crooked as a corkscrew,

280
00:16:33,510 --> 00:16:36,130
which is a lucky thing
because he was dealing

281
00:16:36,130 --> 00:16:37,823
with Standard Oil.

282
00:16:37,823 --> 00:16:42,210
Now very superficially,
this is what Heinze did.

283
00:16:42,210 --> 00:16:45,480
First of all, he allied himself
with William Andrews Clark.

284
00:16:45,480 --> 00:16:47,310
Remember now, this is a flashback.

285
00:16:47,310 --> 00:16:49,990
I'm going back to 1889.

286
00:16:49,990 --> 00:16:53,280
Clark saw where he could use
this extraordinarily bright

287
00:16:53,280 --> 00:16:56,233
and tricky young man in
his battle with Daly.

288
00:16:58,190 --> 00:16:59,880
He could use him also

289
00:16:59,880 --> 00:17:04,403
because Heinze has two superb gimmicks,

290
00:17:05,290 --> 00:17:07,060
and these are they,

291
00:17:07,060 --> 00:17:09,350
well as a matter of fact, he had three.

292
00:17:09,350 --> 00:17:12,463
He was a spellbinding orator.

293
00:17:14,060 --> 00:17:16,080
We have a lot of his
speeches because again,

294
00:17:16,080 --> 00:17:17,083
they were printed,

295
00:17:17,980 --> 00:17:21,110
but he once spoke to 10 thousand miners

296
00:17:21,110 --> 00:17:24,180
from the courthouse steps in Butte.

297
00:17:24,180 --> 00:17:27,640
Well there were no PA
systems in those days,

298
00:17:27,640 --> 00:17:29,230
and I've seen photographs.

299
00:17:29,230 --> 00:17:30,280
We have a lot of photographs

300
00:17:30,280 --> 00:17:33,100
of that crowd with Heinze speaking.

301
00:17:33,100 --> 00:17:35,300
I've talked to people
however who heard him,

302
00:17:35,300 --> 00:17:37,640
William Scallon being one of them.

303
00:17:37,640 --> 00:17:40,960
He, Scallon said, Yes,
he spoke to the crowd

304
00:17:41,970 --> 00:17:43,510
and it was that large.

305
00:17:43,510 --> 00:17:46,520
They could hear him, he
had an enormous voice.

306
00:17:46,520 --> 00:17:49,400
He said he, Scallon, the only thing

307
00:17:49,400 --> 00:17:53,670
he could compare Heinze's
oratory to was Hitler's.

308
00:17:53,670 --> 00:17:57,060
That there was a kind of a
rolling beat to the prose.

309
00:17:57,060 --> 00:18:01,240
In one very famous speech
given in October 19 three,

310
00:18:01,240 --> 00:18:02,540
let me just quote from it.

311
00:18:04,090 --> 00:18:08,720
These people are my enemies,
fierce, bitter, and implacable,

312
00:18:08,720 --> 00:18:11,230
but they are your enemies too.

313
00:18:11,230 --> 00:18:15,530
If they crush me today, they
will crush you tomorrow.

314
00:18:15,530 --> 00:18:16,950
They will force you to dwell

315
00:18:16,950 --> 00:18:19,510
in Standard Oil houses while you live,

316
00:18:19,510 --> 00:18:24,340
and they will bury you in
Standard Oil coffins when you die.

317
00:18:24,340 --> 00:18:28,930
So one of his gimmicks was this capacity

318
00:18:28,930 --> 00:18:31,883
to influence people with oratory.

319
00:18:34,150 --> 00:18:35,820
What were the other gimmicks?

320
00:18:35,820 --> 00:18:39,550
Well he did not buy legislators.

321
00:18:39,550 --> 00:18:42,130
He bought judges,

322
00:18:42,130 --> 00:18:45,000
and he bought the two district judges

323
00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:47,423
in Silver Bow county, which is Butte.

324
00:18:48,568 --> 00:18:51,803
Now, it's very important
for you to understand,

325
00:18:52,913 --> 00:18:57,590
that in these days there
was no change of venue law

326
00:18:57,590 --> 00:19:00,740
so as there is today.

327
00:19:00,740 --> 00:19:03,910
So that if either party
to a civil suit considers

328
00:19:03,910 --> 00:19:07,520
the judge prejudiced, they
can bring in another judge,

329
00:19:07,520 --> 00:19:11,640
or they can move it out of
the county, change the venue,

330
00:19:11,640 --> 00:19:13,150
but you couldn't do that now.

331
00:19:13,150 --> 00:19:17,150
There were two judges
in Silver Bow county,

332
00:19:17,150 --> 00:19:19,300
and he owned them both.

333
00:19:19,300 --> 00:19:22,070
All honor to their names.

334
00:19:22,070 --> 00:19:25,810
One was judge Edward E. Harney.

335
00:19:25,810 --> 00:19:29,150
The other was judge William Clancey,

336
00:19:29,150 --> 00:19:30,023
and he owns them.

337
00:19:31,190 --> 00:19:33,930
Now, so that's one gimmick.

338
00:19:33,930 --> 00:19:37,400
He owns the judiciary, where it counts.

339
00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:41,653
The second gimmick was
called the apex law.

340
00:19:43,933 --> 00:19:46,020
It's part of the fearfully

341
00:19:46,020 --> 00:19:49,090
and wonderfully made federal mining law.

342
00:19:49,090 --> 00:19:52,500
Now it's very complex,
but what it really says is

343
00:19:52,500 --> 00:19:56,270
that if a vein of ore
apexes or breaks surface

344
00:19:56,270 --> 00:19:59,030
on your surface claim, you can follow

345
00:19:59,030 --> 00:20:01,013
that vein wherever it goes.

346
00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:05,730
So what he did was file a little claim

347
00:20:05,730 --> 00:20:10,510
right smack dab in the
middle of Amalgamated's,

348
00:20:10,510 --> 00:20:14,330
or Anaconda's property
which they had overlooked,

349
00:20:14,330 --> 00:20:18,820
and then he claimed
that all of Anaconda's,

350
00:20:18,820 --> 00:20:23,010
or Amalgamated's ore
apexed on his property.

351
00:20:23,010 --> 00:20:24,530
(laughing)

352
00:20:24,530 --> 00:20:29,530
He then hired with he help
of William Andrews Clark,

353
00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:33,600
a big crew, and began stealing copper,

354
00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:38,600
the richest veins, the Piccolo
Vein of the Anaconda Company,

355
00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:42,600
working on 24 hour shifts
stealing them blind.

356
00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:44,170
Well what do they do?

357
00:20:44,170 --> 00:20:45,980
They go to court of course,

358
00:20:45,980 --> 00:20:47,693
to stop him, to get an injunction.

359
00:20:49,150 --> 00:20:50,490
Oh what a pity.

360
00:20:50,490 --> 00:20:52,930
(laughing)

361
00:20:52,930 --> 00:20:55,973
Judge Clancy is a very interesting man.

362
00:20:57,470 --> 00:21:00,040
Clancy had a beard, and it was said

363
00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:01,540
that you could always tell what he'd had

364
00:21:01,540 --> 00:21:02,960
for breakfast because most of it

365
00:21:02,960 --> 00:21:04,562
was still plastered on his beard.

366
00:21:04,562 --> 00:21:06,510
(laughing)

367
00:21:06,510 --> 00:21:10,900
He also, being Irish of
course, drank very heavily,

368
00:21:10,900 --> 00:21:14,550
and he would go to sleep on the bench

369
00:21:14,550 --> 00:21:18,570
as the high powered lawyers
of the Standard Oil Company

370
00:21:18,570 --> 00:21:21,400
were making their high powered arguments.

371
00:21:21,400 --> 00:21:24,130
Along with Heinze's
attorneys, he'd go to sleep,

372
00:21:24,130 --> 00:21:25,510
and then something would wake him,

373
00:21:25,510 --> 00:21:27,827
and he would bang the gavel down and say,

374
00:21:27,827 --> 00:21:29,354
"I find for Mr. Heinze."

375
00:21:29,354 --> 00:21:31,350
(laughing)

376
00:21:31,350 --> 00:21:36,350
There is a good book
about what happens next.

377
00:21:36,380 --> 00:21:41,140
Amalgamated can't get any
place in the courts obviously.

378
00:21:41,140 --> 00:21:43,090
The other judge was equally prejudiced.

379
00:21:44,420 --> 00:21:47,070
He wasn't prejudiced, he
was perfectly unprejudiced.

380
00:21:47,070 --> 00:21:50,260
He'd been bribed 250 thousand
dollars as a matter of fact.

381
00:21:50,260 --> 00:21:52,650
This all comes out in court later.

382
00:21:52,650 --> 00:21:56,690
In any event, Amalgamated then went

383
00:21:56,690 --> 00:22:00,920
to war underground literally with lye,

384
00:22:00,920 --> 00:22:03,470
with dynamite, with pick handles.

385
00:22:03,470 --> 00:22:05,840
The problem was that these miners,

386
00:22:05,840 --> 00:22:07,650
even though they worked for Amalgamated,

387
00:22:07,650 --> 00:22:09,600
were terribly loyal to Heinze.

388
00:22:09,600 --> 00:22:12,390
This is where the charisma comes in.

389
00:22:12,390 --> 00:22:16,140
They couldn't get to first
base in underground warfare.

390
00:22:16,140 --> 00:22:18,300
There's a good book about
that warfare incidentally.

391
00:22:18,300 --> 00:22:23,060
It's by Reno H. Sales,
and it's simply called

392
00:22:23,060 --> 00:22:25,843
Underground Warfare in Butte Montana.

393
00:22:26,780 --> 00:22:29,320
They lost underground.

394
00:22:29,320 --> 00:22:31,590
Well, what does this mean?

395
00:22:31,590 --> 00:22:34,390
In the meantime Heinze
is just mining copper

396
00:22:34,390 --> 00:22:37,970
hand over fist very, very rich copper.

397
00:22:37,970 --> 00:22:41,200
So the world's greatest
trust is being robbed blind

398
00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:44,400
and stopped cold by Heinze

399
00:22:44,400 --> 00:22:47,593
and egg bespattered
judge, and the apex law.

400
00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:55,060
All right, Amalgamated
now put up a lot of money,

401
00:22:55,060 --> 00:22:57,820
and decided to carry their case,

402
00:22:57,820 --> 00:23:02,000
there's an irony in this,
to the people of Montana.

403
00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:04,590
They put up a bunch of money
and started buying newspapers.

404
00:23:04,590 --> 00:23:06,620
Now they'd already bought

405
00:23:06,620 --> 00:23:09,940
with the Anaconda Company,
The Anaconda Standard,

406
00:23:09,940 --> 00:23:12,820
but now they buy Clark's Butte Miner.

407
00:23:12,820 --> 00:23:15,960
In fact, thy bought every daily newspaper

408
00:23:15,960 --> 00:23:18,560
in the state of Montana except one,

409
00:23:18,560 --> 00:23:21,600
and this is the origin
of the captive press.

410
00:23:21,600 --> 00:23:26,600
And remember, Amalgamated,
or Anaconda owns those papers

411
00:23:28,910 --> 00:23:32,934
to totally a captive press until 1957.

412
00:23:32,934 --> 00:23:33,900
It's the only state in the union

413
00:23:33,900 --> 00:23:36,760
that had a totally captive press,

414
00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:38,950
acting first and invariably

415
00:23:38,950 --> 00:23:41,170
in the interest of one corporation,

416
00:23:41,170 --> 00:23:43,040
never in the interests of integrity

417
00:23:43,040 --> 00:23:45,550
in the news, or anything else.

418
00:23:45,550 --> 00:23:47,590
I can remember growing
up with those newspapers,

419
00:23:47,590 --> 00:23:51,160
you would never know that the
legislature was in session.

420
00:23:51,160 --> 00:23:53,710
Not that it mattered,
because the legislature

421
00:23:53,710 --> 00:23:56,630
was also owned by Amalgamated,

422
00:23:56,630 --> 00:23:59,560
and I'll have a good deal
more to say about that also.

423
00:23:59,560 --> 00:24:04,373
Clark sold out all of his
interests to Amalgamated.

424
00:24:06,750 --> 00:24:09,190
They tried to buy one of Heinze's judges

425
00:24:09,190 --> 00:24:10,883
away from him, namely Harney.

426
00:24:12,080 --> 00:24:14,370
I have a whole lecture on that,

427
00:24:14,370 --> 00:24:16,220
but it's such a scandalous thing

428
00:24:16,220 --> 00:24:18,280
that I can't really go into it.

429
00:24:18,280 --> 00:24:20,130
He was an absolutely honest man.

430
00:24:20,130 --> 00:24:23,403
He refused to be bribed a second time.

431
00:24:23,403 --> 00:24:26,450
(laughing)

432
00:24:26,450 --> 00:24:27,950
Why what are you gonna
do, you can't beat him

433
00:24:27,950 --> 00:24:29,610
in the newspapers, you
can't beat him underground,

434
00:24:29,610 --> 00:24:31,290
you can't beat him anyway.

435
00:24:31,290 --> 00:24:35,090
One man, the judge, this is the world's

436
00:24:35,090 --> 00:24:39,630
most powerful trust,
and it's stopped cold.

437
00:24:39,630 --> 00:24:40,463
What happened?

438
00:24:41,427 --> 00:24:44,410
It's a date that should live in infamy.

439
00:24:44,410 --> 00:24:49,410
On October 22nd, 1903, remember the date,

440
00:24:49,880 --> 00:24:54,770
the Anaconda Company announced
the complete shutdown

441
00:24:54,770 --> 00:24:57,303
of all of it's enterprises in Montana.

442
00:24:58,920 --> 00:25:00,600
Three quarters of all the wage earners

443
00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:02,260
in Montana were thrown out of work.

444
00:25:02,260 --> 00:25:04,950
There was no unemployment compensation.

445
00:25:04,950 --> 00:25:06,280
There was nothing.

446
00:25:06,280 --> 00:25:07,953
Out of work, laid off.

447
00:25:10,790 --> 00:25:13,640
There was no relief, nothing
but the Salvation Army,

448
00:25:13,640 --> 00:25:17,020
no unemployment, no Medicare,
no Medicade, no nothing.

449
00:25:17,020 --> 00:25:21,120
This totally paralyzed
this state economically,

450
00:25:21,120 --> 00:25:22,793
total paralysis.

451
00:25:24,340 --> 00:25:26,710
Do you remember the
opinions that I quoted you

452
00:25:26,710 --> 00:25:29,530
a few moments ago from
Montana publications

453
00:25:29,530 --> 00:25:34,320
at what was going on and New
York and Boston didn't matter?

454
00:25:34,320 --> 00:25:36,250
Well now it matters.

455
00:25:36,250 --> 00:25:37,780
People are getting hungry.

456
00:25:37,780 --> 00:25:39,713
They hadn't saved any
money, they never do.

457
00:25:39,713 --> 00:25:42,390
There's no way out of this thing.

458
00:25:42,390 --> 00:25:45,470
The Boston Beacon, the
great newspaper said

459
00:25:45,470 --> 00:25:49,160
twenty thousand men had been
thrown out of employment.

460
00:25:49,160 --> 00:25:51,110
The effect of this act is to bring home

461
00:25:51,110 --> 00:25:53,010
to the body of the people in Montana

462
00:25:53,010 --> 00:25:57,740
their utter dependence on
the good will of the trust.

463
00:25:57,740 --> 00:26:02,740
Total economic paralysis
of a sovereign state.

464
00:26:02,970 --> 00:26:05,710
It's happened in no other
state in the union ever,

465
00:26:05,710 --> 00:26:10,363
but it happened here, and
it lasted for a long time.

466
00:26:11,560 --> 00:26:12,500
What did they do?

467
00:26:12,500 --> 00:26:15,670
After they had sweated us out

468
00:26:15,670 --> 00:26:18,810
in an absolutely critical situation,

469
00:26:18,810 --> 00:26:22,010
they announced on the front
pages of their newspapers

470
00:26:22,970 --> 00:26:25,290
that if the governor would call

471
00:26:25,290 --> 00:26:28,700
a special session of
the Montana legislature,

472
00:26:28,700 --> 00:26:33,530
and if that legislature
would pass a fair trials bill

473
00:26:33,530 --> 00:26:35,980
providing for a change of venue,

474
00:26:35,980 --> 00:26:39,880
if either party to a civil suit considered

475
00:26:39,880 --> 00:26:43,740
the judge prejudiced, Montanans
could go back to work,

476
00:26:43,740 --> 00:26:47,130
but if the legislature were not called,

477
00:26:47,130 --> 00:26:50,040
and if that legislature
didn't behave itself,

478
00:26:50,040 --> 00:26:52,683
by God they'd starve Montana to death.

479
00:26:53,630 --> 00:26:57,970
The legislature was called,
the bill was passed,

480
00:26:57,970 --> 00:27:01,210
and Montanans were permitted
to go back to work.

481
00:27:01,210 --> 00:27:03,793
The Anaconda Company was a great company.

482
00:27:05,610 --> 00:27:08,350
There was no parallel for the viciousness.

483
00:27:08,350 --> 00:27:10,666
There's no parallel for the callousness.

484
00:27:10,666 --> 00:27:13,830
There is no excuse for this thing

485
00:27:13,830 --> 00:27:16,380
that happens beginning in 1903,

486
00:27:16,380 --> 00:27:19,353
and it's gonna happen again,
the threat to shut down.

487
00:27:20,630 --> 00:27:22,560
Murder is going to take place.

488
00:27:22,560 --> 00:27:26,127
This is a story unparalleled
for it's violence,

489
00:27:26,127 --> 00:27:28,185
unparalleled for it's corruption,

490
00:27:28,185 --> 00:27:30,670
unparalleled for it's viciousness

491
00:27:30,670 --> 00:27:32,170
in any other state in the union,

492
00:27:32,170 --> 00:27:33,690
and we'll have a little fun with it

493
00:27:33,690 --> 00:27:35,230
before the end of the quarter.

494
00:27:40,308 --> 00:27:42,975
(upbeat music)